Women's Clothing and Kaftan Models in the Ottoman Empire
We can examine the clothes of Ottoman women under two main headings as street and indoor clothing. Since the beginning of the 16th century, women have used ferace, Yaşamak and veil as street clothes. Made of wool in winter and silk in summer, abayas are loose-fitting, open-front and down-to-the-ground garments. From the 18th century, collars were attached to the abayas and these collars were extended to the heels during the reign of Mahmud II. In the second half of the 19th century, the front skirts were rounded, single-buttoned, and the collars were embellished with ruffles. By making a distinction in the colors of the abayas, Muslims are dressed in red, blue and green colors, while the non-Muslims are dressed in lighter colors. Yaşmaks consist of a thin, white, soft fabric, the upper part that is wrapped around the head and covers up to the eyebrows, and the lower part that covers the lower part of the face up to the nose. The chador, which started to be used alongside the ferace, came from Syria. The bag sheet, which was created by joining two long fabrics together and shrinking from the waist with the tip, was used by attaching a transparent veil to the face.
In 1889, the ladies in the palace were forbidden to wear bag linen by Abdulhamid II. Thereupon, two-piece sheets, cloak and skirt, began to be used. Ottoman women wore shalwar, long-sleeved shirts made of crepe fabric down to the heels, and long-sleeved cardigans and caftans in the home since the 16th and 17th centuries. The skirts of the caftans, which are open at the front and without a collar, are loosened from the waist down with pieces called peş. This cut was used in skirt cuts until the 19th century.
From the beginning of the 19th century, dresses called Üçetek and Dörtetek began to be worn. In addition to these dresses, bag shalwar and silvery embroidered pockets and two-edged embroidered belts tied to the waist form an elegant and comfortable outfit. Shirts made of crepe or silk fabrics with embroidered cuffs and collar edges are worn.
Bindal dresses with thread and glitter embroidered on velvet or satin in the technique of dival work are indispensable clothes for special occasions such as henna nights. Due to the increasing relations with Europe, women from Istanbul in the 18th century used fabrics imported from Europe in the manufacture of traditional clothes, and in the 19th century, three-pieces. It is seen that they leave traditional cuts such as shalwar and shalwar, and wear clothes that are especially effective in Paris fashion. Fitted bodices, puffy long-sleeved blouses, long frilly skirts have replaced traditional gowns. Accessories such as gloves, silk stockings, fans, and umbrellas complete these garments. The wedding dress, which is the most important garment of women, was made and embroidered with expensive fabrics in every period to reflect the fashion of that period. Until the end of the 19th century, wedding dresses, especially red, were made of vibrant colors. The red veil covering the bride's face was made of red until the 19th century, and was embroidered with silver and silver. From the 1870s onwards, European fashion was strongly felt in bridal gowns. The wedding gowns, which started to be made from light-colored silk fabrics such as pink, blue and cream, with two-piece and long tails, were embroidered with lace, pearls and sequins as well as thread and glitter. In this period, bridal caftans with fur inside form a team with bridal gowns.